Climate

TheSubarctic is an area that spans most of the interior of Canada and up intoAlaska. It reaches the coast in the Hudson Bay area and on the far east coastin what is modern-day Quebec. The area is characterized by its cold winters andits mild, sometimes even cool, summers. The winter is usually much longer thanthe summer, with dangerously low temperatures.

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Thereis not much precipitation year-round in the majority of the Subarctic. Whatlittle precipitation there is takes place mostly over the short summer, thoughin places closer to the coast there may be precipitation through the autumnmonths. Precipitation usually comes in the form of rain, fog, or snow.

Vegetationin the Subarctic tends to be hardy, and not very diverse. The trees are mainlyconifers, including pines and spruces. These species are able to survive thefreezing ground and cold temperatures where broadleaf trees can’t. Othervegetation includes lichen and moss, both of which are adept at living in theacidic Subarctic soil. In clearings where the soil is less acidic there may beshrubs and wildflowers. Though the vegetation is not diverse, it is usuallyabundant.

Thisclimate is home to a variety of native fauna, including large animals likebears, elk, and moose, to smaller animals like the hare, porcupines, andbeavers. There are several fish species that live here, but those that do haveto adapt to the cold temperatures and mostly include things like lamprey,whitefish, and trout.

Because of the less than welcoming Subarctic climate, many people believed the Subarctic to be an isolated place, geographically and culturally, and that much of the Subarctic wasn’t occupied until settlers came with guns. However archeological evidence proves it was much much earlier than this. In fact evidence suggests people lived there as early as 9000 BP. (Parks Canada, 2009)

Sites

Keatley Creek Archaeological Site

The Keatley Creek Archaeological Site is located in British Colombia in the Fraser Canyon area, near the Keatley River. It is right on the border of the Subarctic and the Plateau (to read more about sites in the Plateau visit this page).The climate in this area is a semi-arid and cold climate; however, summer heat waves can reach up to 104 degrees. The winters are temperate and short with occasional cold snaps, though the mountains prevent the cold from penetrating Fraser Canyon itself.

The site is thought to be a winter village containing over 100 Classic Lillooet pit houses. The population at its peak had a minimum of 1,200 people. The exact dates of its occupation are contested, but it was most intensely used sometime between 1200 and 800 BP.

Thereis evidence of roasting meat on the peripheries of the village as large earthovens and meat roasting pits were uncovered here. There is also evidence thatsome of these roasting pits were used for both meat and roots. A major sourceof protein appears to be salmon as there are salmon concentrations of salmonbones found in the site.

Therewere also several types of artifacts recovered from the site, including bonebeads, pipe fragments, and a large collection of dentalium shells. This sort ofartifact suggests that there was long-distance trade from the coast. The onlypiece of coiled basketry ever recovered in British Colombia was also discoveredat this site.

Overall, one of the most interesting features of this site is the diversity of buildings and their separation. The peripheries of the village were separated from a residential area. Some of the building types include places like feasting houses, shrines, and even bathhouses for ritual bathing. (Morin, 2010)

Bluefish Caves

BluefishCaves is an archaeological site located in the Yukon, just below Old Crow. Theclimate is classified as cold subarctic with average highs of only 68 degreesin the summer. It has very little precipitation, and due to its location northof the arctic circle it experiences polar day and night.

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Thissite is interesting because it contains human-worked mammoth bone that datesback to 24,000 BP. This is much earlier than the originally proposed dates forthe peopling of the Americas, but the site was reviewed after the initialdiscovery and the date was found to be accurate.

Thereare some issues with this site. Most sites in the Yukon and Alaska date toaround 14,000 BP and contain multiple artifacts proving human occupation. AtBluefish Caves there are only a few lithic artifacts and two pieces of bone (Bourgeon2015:108). There is also evidence that animal activity has disturbed the site.

Regardlessof animal activity, bones in the caves do have human markings on them. One inparticular has a deep cut possible suggesting butchery. Some might use this siteas evidence of a standstill on Beringia during the last glacial maximum.

Blackfoot Crossing

BlackfootCrossing is a historical park under the governing body of the Siksika Nation inAlberta, Canada. Alberta has a humid continental climate and tends to haveharsh, cold winters due to arctic weather systems coming from the north. Thesecold winters are sometimes interrupted by warms mountain winds, and theprovince itself is mostly sunny.

Thehistorical park itself is made up of many different parts, but the remains ofan earth lodge were found that seems to have been built by people who came fromthe Upper Mississippi Valley in the United States. This earth lodge is the onlyone of its kind to be found in Canada. It is also interesting in that it isevidence of people becoming sedentary in an area that was otherwise thought tobe populated by hunters and gatherers.

This area also contains several features important to the Siksika. Some of these features include things like pictographs, effigies, and tipi rings, which are circles of stones used to hold down the edges of lodges, usually made from buffalo skin. Unfortunately due to wars, vandals, and even natural elements many of the artifacts of the site has been destroyed or damaged. (Circles & Stones, 2018)

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L’anse Amour

L’Anse Amour is locate in southern Labrador, Canada and it overlooks the Straights of Belle. It is an “ancient, multi-component archaeological site occupied by the Maritime Archaic people between 9000 and 2000 years ago.” (Parks Canada, 2009)

It contains the oldest known burial mound in North America, dating back to 6300 BCE (Holly, 2013: 28-30). In the burial mound, under hundreds of twenty pound stones and three stone slabs, the body of a child was found. It had been covered with red ochre and wrapped in skins and birch bark, then placed face down with the head pointed west.

There were many artifacts found in the burial, among them a walrus tusk and a toggling harpoon with an ivory line holder. These artifacts helped cement the growing idea of an archaic maritime culture in the area.

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It was also interesting that the burial was that of a child. Excavators of the site speculated that the child died an unlucky death and that the elaborate burial was a way to keep others from catching the child’s bad luck. (Holly, 2013: 28-30)

Current Museology in Canada

In Canada, much like the United States, there is an increasing desire for “community engagement.” There is a focus on including indigenous people museum practices. One of the sites above, Blackfoot Crossing is completely under the governance of the Blackfoot people.

Some of the indigenous people in Canada have opened centers with the goal to protect and promote their culture, including cultural knowledge and practices. Others work with already established, mainstream museums in order to change the way their culture and they objects in the museums are represented. The Blackfoot culture has done both.

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Many museums feel they can benefit from the cross-cultural relationships by identifying cultural context for the artifacts and resources in their care. The willingness to share control or power with indigenous people also helps strengthen relationships.

It’s not entirely an easy shift, however; there are people who feel giving too much away damages the museum. The authors of the book ‘Museums and Communities’ state “The challenge of how to empower a community and ‘genuinely coproduce’ (especially when given a starting point of unequal power relations and institultionalized expectations) and still remain a museum remains unsolved.” (Golding, 2013)